adverbs

1. ADVERBS
FORM OF ADVERBS
1. In most cases we add –ly to the adjective to form the adverb.
(ex. careful
carefully)
• if an adjective ends in –ll
the adverb ends in –lly
(ex. full
fully)
• If an adjective ends in –y
the adverb ends in –ily
(ex. happy
happily)
• If the adjective ends –e
replace –e for –y
(ex. remarkable
remarkably true
truly)
• If the adjective ends in –ic
the verb finishes in –ically
(ex. fantastic
fantastically basic
basically)
2. GOOD is an exception and the adverb is WELL.
3. Some adjectives have –ly endings. So, we cannot add –ly to make these into adverbs.
Instead we can use: in a … way / manner / fashion.
(ex. friendly, lively, lonely, silly…)
(ex. He smiled in a friendly way)
4. Some adverbs have the same form as the adjectives: ( hard / early / fast / high / late /
near / straight / wrong)
(ex. He works hard. He is a hard worker)
5. Some adverbs have two forms with different meanings.
(ex. I worked hard all morning He has hardly changed at all
almost not)
(ex. The bus came ten minutes late I’ve been feeling ill lately
recently)
POSITION OF ADVERBS
1. Different types of adverbs and adverb phrases can be used in different positions in a
sentence, but not always in every position. The most “neutral” position for adverbs is
at the end of the sentence, but they can go in front/mid position for emphasis.
FRONT: Occasionally he misses the bus.
MIDDLE: He occasionally misses the bus.
END: He misses the bus occasionally.
BUT NOT: He misses occasionally the bus (between verb and object)
2. Most frequency adverbs (always, never, often…) go before the main verb, but after the
verb TO BE.
(He always works to work)
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(He is always late)
3. Frequently adverbials (every day, once a month…) can’t go in mid position.
FRONT: Every summer, we go there.
END: We go there every summer.
BUT NOT: We every summer go there. / We go every summer there.
ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
We use adverbs of degree to make adjectives and adverbs stronger or weaker.
1. The adverbs “very” and “extremely” collocate with most gradable adjectives.
(ex. very/extremely important very/extremely beautiful)
• These common adverbs are used like very and not very, and are listed in order of
strength, from positive to negative:
(extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite, fairly, not especially, not
particularly)
2. The adverbs “absolutely” collocates with most ungradable adjectives.
(ex. absolutely wonderful absolutely exhausted)
3. Other adverbs tend to collocate with certain adjectives although these collocations are
not exclusive.
(ex. utterly delightful highly educated totally crazy completely different…)
4. The adjectives “quite” and “rather” can have more than one meaning, depending on
the adjective/adverb they are used with.
• quite + adjective ( = moderately, fairly)
(The book was quite good It was quite a good book)
• quite + ungradable adjective/adverb ( = completely, absolutely)
(The news was quite extraordinary He was quite right to make a complaint)
• rather + negative adjective ( = moderately)
(He’s rather a lazy student He is a rather lazy student)
• rather + positive adjective ( = very)
(She’s rather good at maths)
5. Some negative adverbs can cause an inversion
the order is reversed and the verb
goes before the subject. But this inversion is only used in writing, not in speaking.
Never have I seen such courage. (ex. I have never seen such courage.
Other adverbs and adverbial expressions that can be used like this:
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seldom, scarcely, hardly, not only ... but also, no sooner ... than, not until, under no
circumstances.
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY.
ADVERBS OF DEFINITE FREQUENCY
The following are common adverbs of definite frequency.
Once
Twice
a day / week / month / year Three times
Several times
Every
day / week / month / year / summer / Monday / morning / three days / couple of
weeks…
On
Monday / Sunday…
In
Summer, the mornings…
At
Christmas, the weekends…
They normally come at the end of the sentence.
(My telephone rings several times a day)
(She goes swimming every morning)
ADVERBS OF INDEFINITE FREQUENCY
These adverbs are used to talk about how often we do things. We can put them in
order from “most often” to “least often”
most often always
almost always
generally / normally / regularly / usually
frequently / often
sometimes
occasionally
almost never / hardly ever / rarely / seldom
least often not… ever / never
These adverbs normally come before the main verb and before: used to, have to and
ought to.
(I sometimes go to a restaurant for lunch on Sundays)
(We never had to wear a uniform at school)
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They come after the verb TO BE or the first auxiliary when there is more than one verb.
(I am always glad to see you)
(I have often walked down this street)
In questions, they come after the subject.
(Don’t you usually go home by bus?)
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